5G時代(dai)下的(de)室(shi)內定位(wei)(wei)系(xi)統,更安全(quan)高精(jing)準(zhun)的(de)室(shi)內定位(wei)(wei)系(xi)統
終端定位技術對用(yong)戶的(de)日常(chang)生活與工作已經帶來了許多便利。它(ta)的(de)首要使用(yong)包括區(qu)域(yu)事(shi)情(qing)觸發功(gong)(gong)用(yong)、智能管理功(gong)(gong)用(yong)、緊迫呼救功(gong)(gong)用(yong)、事(shi)前預警功(gong)(gong)用(yong)等。區(qu)域(yu)事(shi)情(qing)觸發功(gong)(gong)用(yong)是指，當(dang)手(shou)機(ji)(ji)進入或離開某一區(qu)域(yu)時(shi)，手(shou)機(ji)(ji)使用(yong)會自(zi)動觸發相應事(shi)情(qing)。事(shi)情(qing)發起者可所(suo)以(yi)網絡也可所(suo)以(yi)手(shou)機(ji)(ji)，但一般需要兩邊協(xie)定。如廣(guang)告推行、氣候更新、兒童白叟(sou)監管等都(dou)會使用(yong)到這一功(gong)(gong)用(yong)。
首要針對5G室內定位(wei)(wei)(wei)方針場(chang)(chang)景(jing)、主要定位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和現(xian)有室內定位(wei)(wei)(wei)體系(xi)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)進行了體系(xi)性(xing)剖析，依據定位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)特色和場(chang)(chang)景(jing)需求，提(ti)出了智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)室內定位(wei)(wei)(wei)體系(xi)計劃。該(gai)體系(xi)經(jing)過交融多種定位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)完(wan)成高精度定位(wei)(wei)(wei)，結合數據剖析和仿真(zhen)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)完(wan)成智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)定位(wei)(wei)(wei)體系(xi)規劃和辦理，設置敞開接(jie)口與第三方協作供給豐厚的(de)定位(wei)(wei)(wei)使用。
伴跟著5G網絡(luo)建造，事(shi)務(wu)種類持(chi)續添(tian)加，職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)邊(bian)界不斷擴展，促使(shi)(shi)結合方位(wei)服務(wu)(LBS)和人工智能(neng)(neng)、物聯網技能(neng)(neng)的職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)需求迅速增(zeng)長。室(shi)內導航(hang)、才智商業(ye)(ye)、智能(neng)(neng)停車、智能(neng)(neng)工作(zuo)、才智倉儲等，結合運(yun)營(ying)商網絡(luo)建造與室(shi)內定位(wei)系統(tong)技能(neng)(neng)、智能(neng)(neng)網絡(luo)辦理的室(shi)內歸納(na)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，為運(yun)營(ying)商網絡(luo)增(zeng)值服務(wu)供給了切入點。
2、室(shi)內定位技能和使用場景剖析
2.1 室內定位技能剖析
;2.1.1 定位原理(li)
定(ding)位(wei)原理能夠分為依據丈(zhang)量的定(ding)位(wei)和依據指紋(wen)匹配的定(ding)位(wei)兩(liang)類。其中依據丈(zhang)量的定(ding)位(wei)包含包含依據抵(di)(di)達時(shi)刻、抵(di)(di)達角及依據RSSI 傳輸模型(xing)等幾(ji)種(zhong)類型(xing)。
依據RSSI信號傳輸模型的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)質(zhi)上(shang)是一(yi)種依據間隔的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)辦(ban)法(fa)，已(yi)知信號傳輸模型，丈量傳輸時(shi)刻(ke)確(que)認待定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)(zhen)到(dao)已(yi)知參(can)(can)考點傳輸間隔，使用(yong)三邊丈量法(fa)確(que)認待定(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。二(er)維定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)需(xu)求與(yu)待定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)(zhen)不在(zai)同一(yi)直線上(shang)的(de)(de)三個(ge)參(can)(can)考點輔(fu)助(zhu)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，三維空間定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)需(xu)求四個(ge)與(yu)待定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)(zhen)不共面的(de)(de)參(can)(can)考點。
抵(di)(di)達時刻算(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)（Timeof Arrival, TOA）也是一種依據間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔進(jin)行定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)算(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)。經過丈量無(wu)線信(xin)號(hao)從待(dai)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)到(dao)已(yi)(yi)知方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)時刻差，核(he)算(suan)(suan)出待(dai)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)與已(yi)(yi)知方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔，進(jin)而確認待(dai)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。由于TOA算(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)須保證待(dai)測方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和已(yi)(yi)知方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嚴厲同步，難以到(dao)達，依據抵(di)(di)達時刻差（TimeDifference of Arrival，TDOA）的(de)算(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)應(ying)運而生(sheng)。TDOA是使用(yong)信(xin)號(hao)抵(di)(di)達已(yi)(yi)知方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)時刻差來(lai)估量用(yong)戶方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，只需已(yi)(yi)知方(fang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)完(wan)成同步。
依據AOA（Angleof Arrived）的算法已知(zhi)參(can)考(kao)點(dian)的方位坐標，經過丈量方針方位到(dao)兩參(can)考(kao)點(dian)的視(shi)點(dian)來核算待定位方位。
依(yi)據(ju)指(zhi)(zhi)紋(wen)匹配的(de)原(yuan)理(li)是(shi)把實際環境中的(de)方(fang)(fang)位(wei)(wei)和(he)某一種(zhong)(zhong)或多種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)征信(xin)(xin)息(xi)，即指(zhi)(zhi)紋(wen)，進行關聯，離(li)線(xian)階段(duan)搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)位(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)紋(wen)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)構建指(zhi)(zhi)紋(wen)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫，在線(xian)階段(duan)當移動設備宣(xuan)布定位(wei)(wei)懇求時，搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)待測方(fang)(fang)位(wei)(wei)的(de)特(te)征數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)，與指(zhi)(zhi)紋(wen)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫中數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)進行對(dui)比，結合匹配算(suan)(suan)法(fa)估(gu)算(suan)(suan)待測方(fang)(fang)位(wei)(wei)。依(yi)據(ju)指(zhi)(zhi)紋(wen)的(de)定位(wei)(wei)辦(ban)法(fa)準(zhun)確(que)度與離(li)線(xian)階段(duan)搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)紋(wen)和(he)方(fang)(fang)位(wei)(wei)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)點數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)密切相關，搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)點數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)越(yue)多，搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)量(liang)(liang)越(yue)大，在線(xian)階段(duan)定位(wei)(wei)匹配度越(yue)高，定位(wei)(wei)越(yue)準(zhun)確(que)。但(dan)一起(qi)，會(hui)(hui)添(tian)加(jia)離(li)線(xian)搜(sou)集(ji)(ji)的(de)工作量(liang)(liang)和(he)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)存儲需求，對(dui)在線(xian)匹配算(suan)(suan)法(fa)的(de)處(chu)理(li)要(yao)求也會(hui)(hui)添(tian)加(jia)。
2.1.2 定位(wei)技能
常(chang)用定位技能主要(yao)包含(han)依據無線通信的定位、依據WLAN的(de)定位、藍牙定位、超聲波定位、射(she)頻辨認定位等。
依據無線通信的室內定位系統以室內無線基站作(zuo)為定位(wei)(wei)參(can)考點，移動智能終端作(zuo)為定位(wei)(wei)終端用(yong)于(yu)搜(sou)集丈量(liang)數據，定位(wei)(wei)使(shi)用(yong)渠道(dao)進行定位(wei)(wei)算(suan)法處理(li)。在(zai)定位(wei)(wei)原理(li)方面，無線通信定位(wei)(wei)技能選用(yong)依據丈量(liang)的三角定位(wei)(wei)技能如(ru)RSSI 信(xin)號場強、TDOA、AOA 等(deng)。無(wu)(wu)線通信(xin)體(ti)系(xi)的定位(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)度(du)與定位(wei)(wei)(wei)參考基站(zhan)的布(bu)置密(mi)度(du)和無(wu)(wu)線環境參數(shu)等(deng)密(mi)切相關。傳(chuan)統的DAS 體(ti)系(xi)只能(neng)定位(wei)(wei)(wei)到小區等(deng)級，定位(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)度(du)比(bi)較差。數(shu)字化分室(shi)內分布(bu)體(ti)系(xi)定位(wei)(wei)(wei)才能(neng)由RRU 布(bu)置密(mi)度(du)決議，一般定位(wei)(wei)(wei)才能(neng)到達(da)米極。
在依據WLAN 的室內定位系統將無線AP作為定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)參(can)考點，具備(bei)WLAN接入功用(yong)的(de)(de)終(zhong)端丈量數據，對已接入的(de)(de)移動設備(bei)方位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)進行(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，可完(wan)成雜亂環境中的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、監測和追尋使命。依(yi)(yi)據WLAN 的(de)(de)室內定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)度(du)由(you)AP布置密(mi)度(du)決議，定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)度(du)能夠到(dao)達米級(ji)。原(yuan)理方面(mian)可選用(yong)依(yi)(yi)據丈量的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)或依(yi)(yi)據指紋(wen)的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)理。依(yi)(yi)據WLAN的(de)(de)方位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)服務具有設施(shi)簡單(dan)、掩蓋(gai)規模(mo)廣、服務可集成度(du)高(gao)級(ji)特色，但簡單(dan)受到(dao)其他信號的(de)(de)干擾，定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器的(de)(de)能耗也較高(gao)。
藍(lan)(lan)牙(ya)是一種短(duan)間隔(ge)無線通(tong)信技(ji)能。任何兩種設備只需(xu)遵(zun)從了藍(lan)(lan)牙(ya)標(biao)(biao)準協議，就可(ke)進行短(duan)間隔(ge)的(de)無線數(shu)據通(tong)信。藍(lan)(lan)牙(ya)技(ji)能最早由愛(ai)立信公司(si) 1994 年建議，2019年藍(lan)(lan)牙(ya)聯盟推出藍(lan)(lan)牙(ya) 5.1 技(ji)能標(biao)(biao)準，比(bi)較(jiao)上(shang)一個版本，5.1版本在傳輸速率、傳輸間隔(ge)、以及(ji)針對物(wu)聯網使用(yong)(yong)優化(hua)等方面顯著(zhu)進步。但目前依(yi)據藍(lan)(lan)牙(ya)技(ji)能的(de)室(shi)內定(ding)位需(xu)求(qiu)專用(yong)(yong)的(de)定(ding)位信標(biao)(biao)，一起需(xu)求(qiu)安裝專用(yong)(yong)程序經過使用(yong)(yong)層上(shang)報定(ding)位數(shu)據。
其他較常見的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)能還(huan)包含地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)磁定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、超寬帶(dai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、射頻辨(bian)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)等(deng)。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)磁定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)使用地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)磁場(chang)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)磁三分量、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)磁總場(chang)以(yi)及(ji)磁偏(pian)角等(deng)參數，量化(hua)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)磁空間(jian)點的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)磁場(chang)特征(zheng)，進(jin)行準確認位(wei)(wei)(wei)。超寬帶(dai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)能經過發送和接收具有納(na)秒或納(na)秒級以(yi)下的(de)極窄脈沖進(jin)行定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，與傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)窄帶(dai)體系比較，具有定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)精度(du)高(gao)、穿透力強、功耗(hao)低、抗多徑效果(guo)好等(deng)優點。射頻辨(bian)認（RFID）定(ding)位技能，設(she)置固(gu)定(ding)方(fang)位標簽(qian)，閱(yue)讀器使用射(she)頻方(fang)法接收標簽(qian)信息，完成移動(dong)設(she)備辨認和定(ding)位的(de)目的(de)。RFID定(ding)位精度高，可達分米級，一起時延短、傳輸規模大、本錢(qian)較低。
2.2 室內定位的使用場景
個(ge)人消費范疇，跟著移動互聯網技能(neng)開展(zhan)和(he)自媒體等新使用(yong)形態的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)及，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)關于個(ge)性化、定(ding)制化服(fu)(fu)務的(de)(de)(de)需求不(bu)斷(duan)進(jin)步。大型商業(ye)區能(neng)夠憑仗室內定(ding)位技能(neng)為前來(lai)購物的(de)(de)(de)顧客供給實時(shi)扶引服(fu)(fu)務和(he)個(ge)性化營銷推廣服(fu)(fu)務，為用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)帶來(lai)便當的(de)(de)(de)一起(qi)，挖(wa)掘營銷潛力，優化品(pin)牌規劃，進(jin)步效益。
公(gong)共服務范疇，機(ji)場(chang)、停車場(chang)、交通樞紐(niu)等場(chang)所經過為(wei)用戶供給導(dao)航和(he)(he)線(xian)路規(gui)劃，科學引(yin)導(dao)分流車輛、人(ren)群，保證運(yun)營安全(quan)、進(jin)步(bu)運(yun)營效率。醫(yi)院、養老(lao)院內可樹立(li)對(dui)需(xu)(xu)求特殊護理的(de)病患實時(shi)定位監控(kong)(kong)體系(xi)，防(fang)止(zhi)意外(wai)產生；一起可與物聯(lian)網技能(neng)相結合，對(dui)醫(yi)療設備(bei)進(jin)行(xing)定位，便利辦(ban)理及快(kuai)速調配。在救(jiu)(jiu)災方面，經過建筑物內定位信(xin)息，合理安排救(jiu)(jiu)援路線(xian)，進(jin)步(bu)救(jiu)(jiu)援效率。工(gong)業(ye)范疇，使(shi)用方位信(xin)息和(he)(he)主(zhu)(zhu)動控(kong)(kong)制技能(neng)完成(cheng)智能(neng)倉儲辦(ban)理、出產過程追尋、主(zhu)(zhu)動貨物搬運(yun)、主(zhu)(zhu)動加工(gong)、主(zhu)(zhu)動巡檢，推進(jin)工(gong)業(ye)轉型晉級，到(dao)達降本增(zeng)效目的(de)。關于具有危險性的(de)工(gong)廠，還需(xu)(xu)求對(dui)人(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)定位辦(ban)理，防(fang)備(bei)安全(quan)出產責(ze)任事故的(de)產生。
3、智(zhi)能室內定位體系(xi)方
3.1智能定位(wei)體系(xi)需求剖析
針對(dui)定(ding)位體系(xi)面(mian)對(dui)的(de)各(ge)項挑戰，智能室內數字化定(ding)位體系(xi)需求(qiu)具(ju)備(bei)準(zhun)確認位、快(kuai)捷規(gui)劃、智能辦理(li)、敞開交互(hu)的(de)才能，以滿意規(gui)劃建造、使用、維(wei)護(hu)的(de)多樣性要求(qiu)。
3.1.1 準確認位(wei)
完(wan)成更準(zhun)確的(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)是定(ding)(ding)位(wei)體系最(zui)重要的(de)方針，不(bu)同(tong)使用(yong)場(chang)景(jing)(jing)下，對(dui)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)精度(du)的(de)要求(qiu)有所不(bu)同(tong)。超市、倉儲物(wu)流、展館講解(jie)等(deng)場(chang)景(jing)(jing)，需求(qiu)亞米(mi)級(ji)的(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)才能。而(er)室內(nei)導航、個人商業娛樂、方位(wei)監控(kong)等(deng)使用(yong)，米(mi)極定(ding)(ding)位(wei)精度(du)完(wan)全能夠滿意需求(qiu)。
而不同定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)能(neng)能(neng)到達的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)(jing)度也有(you)差異，數字化室分(fen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、Wi-Fi定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、藍牙定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)(jing)度相對(dui)(dui)低，超寬帶定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、射(she)頻辨認（RFID）定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)超聲波定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，相對(dui)(dui)精(jing)(jing)度也較高(gao)(gao)。因(yin)而，在定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)體系實際建造中，選用(yong)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)能(neng)是保證定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)功用(yong)的(de)(de)根(gen)底條件。此(ci)外，還需求采取多種(zhong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)能(neng)交(jiao)融完成高(gao)(gao)于單一定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)技(ji)能(neng)功用(yong)的(de)(de)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)度定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，并具備自適應(ying)算法(fa)批改才能(neng)，保證定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)(wei)算法(fa)功用(yong)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性。
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